The user option "Show on Screen", displayed when you click on "Screen Options", can be further filtered by plugins and themes (using the hooks 'edit_posts_per_page' or 'edit_page_per_page' ). It appears that something is setting this value to zero or null.
Role Scoper does not hook onto those filters. You could either determine and deactive the plugin / theme that does, or as a last resort temporarily comment out these lines in wp-admin/edit.php:
$per_page = apply_filters( $edit_per_page, $per_page );
$per_page = apply_filters( 'edit_posts_per_page', $per_page, $post_type );
Better yet, the WP core code could be modified to move the existing sanity check down below those filter applications:
if ( empty( $per_page ) || $per_page < 1 )
$per_page = 20;